Upper St. Lawrence Cultural Heritage Timeline

Prehistory

• 10,000 – 5000 B.C.E –Paleo-Indian Period
• 4,000 – 1000 B.C.E. – Laurentian Archaic
• Brockville, Malcolm, Cornwall, Wolfe Island, Garden Island, Halstead Bay
• 1,000 B.C.E. – 1700 C.E. Woodland Period
• c. 1300 C.E., Pickering culture moves into St. Lawrence region
• 1500s – Arrival and Disappearance of St. Lawrence Iroquoians
• 1500s – Mohawk-Algonquin Wars for Upper St. Lawrence territory

Post-Contact

• 1600s – French-Iroquois/Beaver Wars (1615 – 1660; 1676 – 1701)
• 1630s – Algonquin pushed out of the Upper St. Lawrence by Iroquois
• 1649 – 1654 Dispersal of Huron, Petun and Neutral
• Iroquois become dominant group of the Upper St. Lawrence
• 1654 – Simon Le Moyne becomes the first European to ascend the Upper St. Lawrence
• 1669 – La Salle establishes a trading post a the future site of Dickinson’s Landing
• 1671 – Remy de Courcelles at head of the St. Lawrence, first bateau up the St. Lawrence
• 1673 – Fort Frontenac
• 1685 – Jean Deshayes, Royal Hydrographer, first map of the Upper St. Lawrence and ‘Les Milles Îles’ (published 1700 and 1715)
• 1687
• Coalition of Ottawa, Mississauga, and refugee Huron begin attacking Iroquois north of Lake Ontario and in the Thousand Islands
• Frontenac destroyed (rebuilt soon thereafter)
• 1696 – Mississauga establish selves as dominant force north of Lake Ontario and in the Thousand Islands
• 1701 – La Grande Paix de Montréal – End of Iroquois Wars, opening safe passage on Upper St. Lawrence
• c. 1720 –Mississauga become dominant group in Thousand Islands
• 1747 – Mohawk found Akwesasne/St. Regis
• 1748 – Fort La Présentation; Onondaga found Oswegatchie
• 1750s – Fort de Lévis, Île aux Chevreuils, and La Galette
• 1754 – 1760 – French and Indian War (In Europe, Seven Years’ War, 1756 – 1763)
• 1758 – Pointe au Baril shipyard established by French
• 1760 – Battle of Fort de Lévis, Chimney Island
• 1763 – Royal Proclamation – Upper St. Lawrence remain as Indian “Hunting Grounds”
• 1783
• Haldimand’s Treaty with Mississauga
• Crawford Purchase
• 1796 – Seven Nations of Canada Treaty
• 1784 – Loyalists Arrive (Johnstown Base Camp to 1790)
• 1812 – 1815 War of 1812
• Forts Henry and Wellington constructed
• Sept., 1812, Forsyth raids Gananoque
• Feb. 7, 1813, Forsyth raids Brockville
• Feb. 22, 1813, Battle of Ogdensburg
• Nov. 11, 1813, Battle of Crysler’s Farm
• 1814, Treaty of Ghent
• 1818 – Charlotte and Frontenac among the first steamers on the Upper St. Lawrence
• 1818 – Rush-Bagot Treaty
• 1832 – Cholera Epidemic
• 1837 – 1838 Rebellion (Patriot’s War)
• 1838, Elizabeth Barnett and the Hickory Island Farce
• May 30, 1838, Sinking of the Sir Robert Peel (Pirate “Bill” Johnston)
• Nov. 13-16, 1838, Battle of the Windmill
• 1843 – Cornwall Canals opened
• 1846 – Oregon Boundary Crisis – Martello Towers constructed
• 1847 – Williamsburg Canals opened
• 1854-1866 – Treaty of Reciprocity
• 1856 – Surrender Number 77 with the Mississauga for 1000 Islands
• 1866 – 1870, Fenian Threats
• 1871 – Treaty of Washington
• 1909 – Boundary Waters Treaty
• 1930 – Drill Boat Disaster, Brockville