Points for a Framework

Upper St. Lawrence Cultural Heritage

Timeline (link)

1. First Nations Heritage: Pre-Contact or Prehistory

o (Wright) (Handbook) (Ellis) (Noble) (Smith, First Summer People)

1.1 Archaeology

Note on dating: Dates vary by interpretation and fluctuate due to estimation based on carbon dating. These are merely generalizations and assume that each distinction occurred beyond its range and influenced a cultural evolution that is continuous and overlapping. Dates are according to J.V. Wright, Ontario Prehistory, 1972 and are therefore set by appearance of each phase in Ontario only. Adams Heritage has conducted archaeological work along the Upper St. Lawrence and is an excellent source for information on the various periods and groups, including the St. Lawrence Iroquois.

1.1.1 Paleo-Indian Period (9000 – 5000 B.C.E.) (Clovis Culture)

· (Ritchie)

· Plano culture, stone spear-points excavated at Lake St. Francis (Pendergast, Edwardsburgh)

1.1.2 Laurentian Archaic (4,000 – 1,000 B.C.E.)

· (Pendergast, Edwardsburgh) (Wright)

· Sites

o Brockville Site (copper)

o Malcolm Site (Daily and Wright)

o Cornwall Area

o Wolfe Island

o Halstead Bay near Gananoque

o Garden Island Burial Ground (Boyd)

1.1.3 Woodland Period (1000 B.C.E – 1700 C.E.) (Stanley)

· Initial... (c. 1,00 B.C.E. – 1,000 C.E.)

o Point Peninsula Culture (700 B.C.E. – 100 C.E.) (Pendergast, Edwardsburgh) (Wright) (Snow)

o Sheek Island Burial Ground, c. 1500 B.C.E. (Rutley)

· Described as Point Peninsula

· ...And Middle (c. 900 C.E.) (Ross, B.) – Pickering culture

o c. 1300, Pickering population expanded down the St. Lawrence (Wright)

o Native camp with artefacts was found in Augusta Township. Abandoned about 500 years ago (Connell)

· Terminal (Late) (to contact)

o St. Lawrence Iroquoians (Pendergast, Edwardsburgh) (Civilization.ca) (Pendergast) (Wright) (Adams Heritage)

o Roebuck Site

o Maynard Site, 1987

1.1.4 The Thousand Islands – Summer Campground and excavation sites in SLINP (Wright) (SLINP) (Ross, 2001)

· Gordon Island – Archaic and Woodland, heavy occupation between C.E. 500 and 1300

· Squaw Island – Laurentian Archaic (c.3000 B.C.E.) to C.E. 1700

1.2 Groups of the Upper St. Lawrence – the Buffer Zone

· Algonquin (Goerge-Kanentiio) (Osborne)

· St. Lawrence Iroquoians (Pendergast, Edwardsburgh) (Snow) (Engelbrecht) (Adams Heritage)

· Iroquois – Haudenosaunee Confederacy

o Mohawk - St. Lawrence Trade Monitors (Goerge-Kanentiio)

· Huron

· Neutral

· Petun

· Nipissing

· Mississauga (1700s)

1.3 Traditional Oral History

1.3.1 Story of Creation

· Skywoman – Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) (Goerge-Kanentiio) (Snow)

· Manitouana – “Garden of the Great Spirit” – Algonquian

1.3.2 Origins

· Origins of the Iroquois, migration to the region (Pickering – St. Lawrence Iroquoians – Algonquin and Mohawk – Mississauga) (Goerge-Kanentiio)

1.4 Life on the River

· Farming – The Three Sisters

· Hunting and Trapping (Johnson)

· Fishing – Eel and Fish

· Basket Weaving

1.5 Internecine Conflict (Trigger) (Ross, 2001)

· Mohawk-Algonquin, 16^th century (Johnson)

o Algonquin fill the territory left vacant by the Iroquois on the north shore of the Upper St. Lawrence (Couture)

· 1622 Truce and 1624 Treaty between Mohawk and Algonquian (Snow)

· 1630s Algonquin and Montagnais pushed out of the Upper St. Lawrence – The Beaver Wars (Tenakiwin)

· Iroquois-Huron Wars (c. 1650), Five Nations Iroquois become dominant group (Osborne)

· c. 1687 Coalition of Ottawas, Mississaugas, refugee Hurons begin attacking Iroquois settlements – Mississauga replace Iroquois as dominant group and are fully established in the Thousand Islands by 1720 (Snow) (Osborne)

2. Post-Contact

• Early Settlers (Pendergast, Edwardsburgh)
• Longhouses at Fort Frontenac (Snow)
• 1748, Oswegatchie founded by Onondagas (Ogdensburg) (Snow) (Engelbrecht)
• 1796, Seven Nations of Canada Treaty (Goerge-Kanentiio) (Treaty) (Snow)

2.1 Akwesasne/St. Regis

· Mohawk leave, late 16^th century after war with Algonquian (Goerge-Kanentiio)

· 1747, Mohawk found Akwesasne (Snow)

· River-Guides (Goerge-Kanentiio)

· Bootleggers and Smugglers, Prohibition Days (Goerge-Kanentiio)

· 19^th century Governance (Snow)

· High steel bridge workers (Snow)

3. The French on the Upper St. Lawrence – Explorers, Missionaries and Forts

• (French Accounts) (S.H. V.VI – X) (Osborne) (Ross, 2001)

• Cataraqui – Upper St. Lawrence originally named (Preston and Lamontagne)
• Samuel de Champlain (Works of Champlain) (Rutley) (Voyages, Vol.3) – questionable: after a brief search of Vol. 3, nothing has appeared that would suggest Champlain ascended or descended the Upper St. Lawrence
• 1654, Father Simon Le Moyne, first European ascension of the Upper St. Lawrence (Preston and Lamontagne) (Canadian Biography)
• 1656, Onondaga Mission and Quinte (Preston and Lamontagne) (Toye)
• La Salle’s Trading Post, Dickinson’s Landing 1669 (Rutley)
• Daniel Remy de Courcelles, 1670/71, flotilla of bateaux (first on the Upper) to Lake Ontario to challenge Iroquois (Canadian Biography) (Preston and Lamontagne)
• La Galette (Johnstown) (Paget) (Leavitt) (Shouldice) (Preston and Lamontagne)
• Early French Cartography of the Region
• Jean Deshayes, royal hydrographer of New France, coined the name ‘Les Milles Iles’, 1685 (Canadian Biography) (S.H. V.V) (McKenzie) (map)
• Fort de la Présentation – 1749 mission at present day Ogdensburg (site)
• Pointe au Baril – Fort and Shipyard, 1758 at present day Maitland
• The Outaouaise and Iroquoise (photo)
• Île aux Chevreuils (Carleton Island) – French Watch Post (IslandStudies.ca)
• Fort de Lévis at Isle Royale, now known as Chimney Island (Lockwood) (Paget)

3.1 Fort Frontenac: Extending the Fur Trade

o (CARF) (CARF Doc) (Preston and Lamontagne) (Hannon) (Winter) (Burleigh)

• Louis de Buade Frontenac, 1673 and the Fort at Cataraqui – Fort Frontenac (Toye) (photo1) (photo2)

• La Salle’s land grant at Fort Frontenac (Preston and Lamontagne)
• Missionary Father Hennepin
• Denonville and the Iroquois Wars (1615 – 1660; 1676 – 1701), Fort Frontenac destroyed, 1689 (Preston and Lamontagne) (Johnson) (Canadian Biography)
• British takeover, 1758

o 1783, The Ruins of Fort Frontenac (image from Bell)

4. The Fur Trade

• Pointe au Cardinale (River and Canals) – Fur traders ply the Galop
• A Dangerous Route (Ross, 2001) (Toye)
• Alexander Henry (Canadian Biography) - the first Englishman to journey down the Long Sault Rapids (Gogo)
• Bateaux poles the rapids at the turn of the 19^th century (Thomas Moore 1804 describes) (Toye)

5. Conflict and International Boundaries

5.1 French-Iroquois Wars or Beaver Wars (1615 – 1660; 1676 – 1701)

· 1630s – Mohawk-Algonquin

· 1640s – Iroquois-Huron

· Fort Frontenac, Denonville, 1687 (Preston and Lamontagne)

· Île aux Chevreuils, peace talks

· 1701, La Grande Paix de Montréal – Peace between the Iroquois and French making the Upper St. Lawrence safe to travel

5.2 Seven Years’ War (1756 – 1763) in North America: The French and Indian War (1754 – 1760)

· Battle of the Thousand Islands

o Île aux Chevreuils – Watchpost (CapeVincentHistory)

o Isle Royale/Chimney Island – last stand of the French, Fort Lévis (Fort William Augustus, 1760) (Brockville) (Brockville 2) (Cate) (Lockwood) (Ross, 2001) (Paget) (Leavitt)

o Naval Battles (Townsend) – Capture of l’Outaouaise (Davies, image)

5.3 American Revolution

· Fort Haldimand, Carleton Island (Curry) (CapeVincentHistory)

· Skirmish near Johnstown, 1781 (MacDonell)

· Fort Oswegatchie (formerly Fort de la Présentation) (site)

5.4 War of 1812 (McFarlane) (MacKey)

5.4.1 The Forts

o Forts Henry and Frederick (Hannon) (Winter) (image from Bell)

o Fort Wellington (Winter) (photo) (image from Bell)

5.4.2 The Blockhouses

o Brockville (McFarlane)

o Blokhaus, Chimney Island

o Grenadier Island – Watch Post and Assembly Point

o Gananoque (Stanley)

5.4.3 Skirmishes and Battles (Brockville) (Jenkins) (Disotell) (Stanley)

o 8 Little Schooners, sinking of U.S. Sophia and Island Packet near Brockville (Fournier) (Ross, 2001) (Hough) (Cate) (Disotell)

o Skirmish between the American Julia and British Moira and Gloucester (Hough) (Disotell)

o Toussaint Island (Stanley) (Croil) (website)

o Forsyth Raid on Gananoque, Sept. 1812 (Hawke) (Graves)

o Forsyth Raid on Brockville, Feb. 6 1813 (Brockville) (Hough) (Cate) (Disotell) (Graves)

o Battle of Ogdensburg, Macdonell, Feb. 22 1813 (Brockville) (Hough) (Graves)

o Before the attack two British soldiers deserted to alert the Americans of the presence of Governor-General George Prevost (Morris, 1967)

o Reuben Sherwood’s bluff, Aug. 23 1813 (Disotell)

o Skirmish at Hoople’s Creek (Rutley)

o Mariatown, Oct. 1813 (Croil)

o Crysler’s Farm, Nov. 11, 1813 (Cate) (Disotell) (Croil) (Way)

o Image of Crysler Farm Cottage

o St. Lawrence Patrol formed after the War of 1812 (Morris, 1967)

5.5 1837-38 Rebellion or Patriot’s War

· Hunters’ Lodge: Americans and Patriots (Cate) (Anderson) (Gra ves)

· Elizabeth Barnett and the Hickory Island Farce, 1838 (Cate) (McFarlane) (Scott) (Anderson) (Stanley)

· Aikin’s Inn (Anderson)

· Pirate William “Bill” Johnston, “Admiral of the Patriot Navy” and the sinking of the Sir Robert Peel (S.H. V.V) (Haddock) (Cate) (Hough) (McFarlane) (Anderson) (Malo, 2004) (Graves)

· Battle of the Windmill (Graves) (Cate) (McFarlane) (Anderson) (Toye) (Parks Canada) (image)

5.6 Fenian Alert, 1866 - 1870 (Cate) (Brockville)

5.7 Gunboats (Stanley) (Beattie) (Ross, 2001)

· Mallorytown Landing Museum Gunboat Display

· H.M.S. St. Lawrence, sailing warship of the War of 1812 (Townsend)

5.8 Boundaries

· Treaty of Ghent, 1814 defined the middle of the St. Lawrence boundary, with dispute over island possession (Curry) (Stephens)

· Rush-Bagot Treaty, 1818 (Curry) (Ross, 2001)

· 1846 Oregon Crisis (Ross, 2001) (Stephens)

o Martello Towers (Murney Tower, photo) and Fort Frederick (photo)

· Treaty of Reciprocity, 1854 – 1866 – St. Lawrence navigation (Stephens)

· Treaty of Washington, 1871 – St. Lawrence navigation (Stephens)

· Boundary Waters Treaty, 1909 (Stephens)

6. United Empire Loyalists, 1784

· Royal Proclamation, 1763 – Upper St. Lawrence “Hunting Grounds” (Osborne)

· Acquiring the Land (S.H. V.VI) (Connell) (Smith, First Summer People)

o The Crawford Purchase, 1783 (Osborne) (Brockville) (Smith, First Summer People) (photo)

• United Empire Loyalists (Mika) (Lockwood) (Moore) (Osborne) (Pergunas) (Ross, 2001) (Creighton) (McCalla)
• New Oswegatchie, 1784 the Loyalists Arrive on Bateaux via the St. Lawrence (Livingston) (Anderson) (Leavitt)

o Surveying and Allotting the land, Justus Sherwood (Disotell) (Mika)

• Johnstown Base Camp, 1784-1790; supplied by French boatmen from Montreal (Shouldice) (image from Bell)
• The Royal Townships

o John Johnson and the Royal Yorkers (image)

7. Life on the River: From Adventure and Danger to Common Place and Customary

7.1 The St. Lawrence Scene

· Cholera epidemic of 1832 (MacKey)

o Immigrants (Henbest, UCV)

o Immigrant Sheds (or Pest-Houses) (Henbest, UCV) (Dumbrille)

· “Water Street”: No place to be after dark – the rum infested underbelly of the transient and mariner (Henbest, UCV)

7.2 Legends

· Native Lore (Curry)

· The Lost Channel (Curry) (Scott) (Pergunas) (Johnson)

· Chimney Island Gold (S.L. Legends)

· Maple Island Murder (Cate)

7.3 Pirates of the St. Lawrence (Brown)

· Bill Johnston and “The Devil’s Oven” (Stanley) (Haddock) (Ten Cate) (McFarlane) (Pergunas) (Toye) (Steiner)

· James Patterson, Horse Thief (Brown) (site) – horse thief rd. / horse thief bay (photo)

7.4 Life on the River (Osborne, Oral Histories) (Haddock) (Emerton)

· Farming

· Trapping

· Small-scale Fishing (Morgan) (Henbest, UCV)

· Duck Hunting (Stewart and Lunman)

· Boatmen – liveried servicemen who looked after the a family’s fleet of boats (Reynolds)

· Local traffic

o Shopping in nearby towns (Morgan)

8. Commerce and Industry

• Potash (Connell) (MacKey) (Henbest, UCV) (McKenzie)
• Tanneries (Henbest, UCV)
• St. Lawrence Power Co. (Eastman)
• Chemical Industry (Connell)
• Distilleries
• Wiser’s and Labatt’s at Prescott) (Morris, 1967) (Connell)
• Borst and Halliday, Maitland (Henbest, UCV)
• Ice Cutting/Harvesting (Stuart) (Morrison) (Cardinal) (Rutley)

· Morrison Ice House (Brockville)

· Cooperage (Henbest, UCV)

· For Hotels and Inns (MacGillivray)

· For Hunter’s Home (Dumbrille)

8.1 Mills

· Edwardsburg Starch Company and the Canada Starch Company, harnessing power from locks at the Galop Canal (Benson) (Cardinal)

· Jones’s Mill in Brockville (MacKey)

· Robert Shepherd Grist Mill, Brockville (photo)

· Moulinette (Brownell)

· Stone’s Mill/Gananoque Mills (photo1) (photo2) (image from Bell) (Compeau)

· George Longley Grist Mill and Tower (photo1) (photo2)

· Beach’s Sawmill, Upper Canada Village (photo1) (photo2)

· Steam Flour Mill, Upper Canada (photo1) (photo2)

8.2 Stores and Wharves: The Wharfingers

· Fuel dealers selling Cordwood (slowed in 1850s with switch from side-wheelers to efficient propellers and coal-burners (Johnson) (Henbest, UCV) (Hawke)

· Darlingside (Burtch) (Cate) (Darling Papers, Archives of Ontario)

· Moulinette (Brownell)

· Dickinson’s Landing (MacKey) (Henbest, UCV) (Rutley)

· Prescott (Jago)

o CPR Wharf (photo1) (photo2)

8.3 Cheese Making (Thompson, Soul of the River)

· Rockport Cheese Factory, once located on the waterfront (Reynolds)

· Shipping milk and cheese by the river

· Brockville as a cheese making capital of the Dominion (Progressive) (Lockwood) (Connell)

· Sweet Briar Cheese Factory #432, Dickinson’s Landing (Rutley)

· Union Cheese Factory, Upper Canada Village (photo)

8.4 Rumrunners and Smuggling (Thompson)

· US Embargo and War of 1812 (Butts)

· 19^th Century Smugglers and the Customs Officer

o Officer Anthony Dixon and a gunfight with Chamberlain, Brockville, 1852 (Butts)

o Well-paid Customs (Henbest, UCV)

· Prohibition Days (Thompson, Soul of the River)

o Wiser’s Distillery in Prescott; a major source (Hunt)

o Tricky McDermott of Wolfe Island (Thompson, Soul of the River)

o Norm Conley of Wolfe Island (Hunt)

o Stephen Wesley (Butts)

o Akwesasne, Prohibition Days (Goerge-Kanentiio)

o Croil Island (Rutley)

8.5 Marine Motors

· The St. Lawrence Engine Company – built many original “two-cycle” engines for boat racing etc. (Brockville)

8.6 Boat Works

· Sauvé Bros. (Brockville)

· Pleasure Craft (Gananoque)

· Gilbert Boat Works, Brockville (Ten Cate) (Gilbert Boat Works)

8.7 Shipbuilding

· Pointe au Baril (Leavitt)

· Kingston

· Knapp Roller Boat (Knapp) (Cate) (Prescott)

· Garden Island – DD Calvin’s operation (Calvin)

8.8 Transportation Services

· Canoe, Bateau, and the Durham Boats (Guillet) (Creighton) (MacKey) (Gillesse)

· Bateau Channel

· Hauling and Towing

· Horse and Oxen Towing (Croil) (photo)

o Henry Lewis of Edwardsburgh (Cardinal) (Edwardsburgh Township History)

· Horse Boats (Brockville) (Plumb) (Henbest, UCV) (Croil, Steam Navigation)

· Winter Travel on the River

· Sleigh, foot, horse

· “Bushed Road” on Lake St. Francis (Dumbrille), Croil Island (Rutley)

· Ice Boats (Marine Museum Display) (Henbest, UCV) (Boyd)

· Impact on the St. Lawrence trade due the Rideau Canal (Lockwood) (MacKey) (Gillesse)

· Impact of the Railroad on riverside towns (Lockwood) (Guillet) (Area Railways) (Gillesse)

· Communications: the “Mail Line” – The Canadian Inland Steam Navigation Co. (McKenzie) (Henbest)

· Shipping Grain (Dumbrille)

· Customs (Henbest, UCV) (Keefer, 1893) (Rutley)

8.8.1 Steamships, Paddlers and Ferries (MacKey) (Croil, Steam Navigation)

· From Side-wheelers to Coal Propellers (Johnson, 209)

· Brittanic, Brockville and Dickinson’s Landing (Emerton) (Rutley) (Bowering)

· The Charlotte

· Ferries from Brockville (Ten Cate) (Lockwood)

· The River Girl, first ferry at Prescott (Plumb) (Morris, 2001)

· Train ferry from Prescott – important in the silk trade (Morris, 1967) (image, Lockwood)

· The Frontenac and the Charlotte, 1818 (Brockville) (MacKey)

· Canadian Steamship Lines

· SS Rapids Prince (Cameron) (Emerton)

· Ferry service between Prescott and Odgensburg (Connell) (Prescott)

· Steamer Great Britain (image from Bell)

8.8.2 Dams and Canals: Construction, Maintenance, and Operations

· Chaffey’s Lock-Gate Factory, Morrisburg (Croil)

· First discussion of building canals for a direct-to-sea route (1824) (MacKey) (Keefer, 1893) (Keefer, 1850) (Lafreniere) (Stephens)

· Dredging

· Long Sault and the Cornwall Canals (MacKey) (Brownell) (Dept. of Transport) (Keefer, 1893) (Keefer, 1850) (Lafreniere) (image from Bell)

· Williamsburg Canals – Farran Point, Rapide Plat, and Galop Canals (Henbest) (Croil) (Morgan) (Hills) (Gossage) (Cardinal) (Stephens) (photo1) (photo2) (photo3) (Lock, photo1) (Lock, photo2) (Dept. of Transport) (Keefer, 1893) (Keefer, 1850) (Lafreniere)

· The St. Lawrence Route (Henbest, UCV) (Dept. of Transport) (Stephens)

· Tugboats (Henbest, UCV) (Calvin) (Lafreniere)

· The Seaway – first talk of building a seaway, 1895 (Croil) (Marin) (Hills) (Hearn) (Lafreniere) (Stephens)

8.8.3 Shipwrecks (Couch and Martin) (Brockville)

· HMS Radclife in Mallorytown (Jenkins)

· Drill Boat Disaster, 1930, the J.B. King (Brockville) (King) (Emerton) (Lockwood)

· Conestoga, Cardinal (Cardinal) (photo)

8.8.4 Navigation and Pilots (Thompson, Soul of the River)

· Richelieu and Ontario Navigation Co. (Cate)

· Brockville Navigation Co. (Brockville)

· St. Lawrence River Pilot (Dept. of Mines and Resources)

· Aids

o Lighthouses (Fischer) (Bush) (Lafreniere)

o Buoys (Henbest, UPV)

8.8.5 Forwarders (Morris, 1967) (MacKey)

· William Gilkinson, first forwarder at Prescott

· Prescott v. Brockville (Disotell)

· Small operation at Rockport, Walter & Cornwall, 1850s

· Prominent forwarders; Timothy Buckley, Alfred Hooker, S. Crane & Co., and Gilpin & Co.

· Hotels i.e. Prescott (Morris, 1967)

8.9 Timber Industry (Creighton) (MacKey) (see 7.2 Wharfingers)

· The Calvins (and Breck) of Kingston/Garden Island (Morgan) (Calvin)

· Timber-schooners (Toye)

· Timber Rafts – the floating homes of the Log-Drivers – see image (Lockwood) (Benson) (Morgan) (MacKey) (Calvin) (Hopkins) (Rutley)

· Joel Stone shoots the Long Sault, 1804 with log rafts and bateaux (Primary Source, Compeau)

· Cordwood and Lumber

o Lawrence Byrne, Cardinal (Henbest) (Cardinal)

9. Spiritual Associations

• (McKenzie)

• “Blue Church” (between Prescott and Maitland) (Connell) (photo)
• Reverend John Stuart of Cataraqui, first minister
• Rev. William Smart of Elizabethtown, 1811 – 1876 (S.H. V.V)
• Half Moon Bay (Mural in Gananoque depicting the summer services) (Ross, 1983) (photo)

10. Cultural Expression

10.1 Riparian Architecture: Houses that Typified Early St. Lawrence Settlement in Upper Canada (see Guide to Historic Homes in Ontario, Parks Canada)

· (Pergunas) (Gowans) (Kalman) (Ondaatje)

· The Log Shanty (Croil) (photo1) (photo2) (Gowans)

· The Georgian House: American Classical Vernacular/Vernacular Loyalist: The Quintessential (Gowans)

o Beecher House, Brockville (now home to the Brockville Museum) (Beecher) (photo)

o John C. Potter House, Brockville (photo)

o John Lafayette House, Brockville (photo)

o Ships Anchor Inn, Prescott (photo)

· Georgian Classicism/Domestic (Gowans)

o Homewood (photo)

· Barns, Farms and Fences (Osborne) (Gowans)

o Schohaire (photo) (plaque)

· Glengarry Co./Lost Villages architecture (Shields)

· Churches (Gowans)

o St. Andrew’s Presbyterian, Gananoque (photo)

o St. John’s Roman Catholic, Gananoque (photo)

o Blue Church (photo) (Ondaatje)

o Christ Anglican Church, Upper Canada Village – from Moulinette, 1836 (photo)

· Inns and Hotels of the St. Lawrence

o Morrisburg Stage Coach Inn (images 1, 2, 3, 4)

10.2 Music and Art

· Songs of the voyageurs and log-drivers (Gogo)

· 1000 Islands Dressing (Ross, 1983)

· Literature (Smith, History of Rec. in 1000 Islands)

o (McCarney)

· Photography (Smith, History of Rec. in 1000 Islands)

10.2.1 Romanticism of the River

· Symbolic for nature’s beauty and power

· In Literature (Henbest, UCV)

o Joseph Hadfield, 1785 (Harkness) (Shouldice)

o Lady Simcoe, 1792 (Diary)

o Susanna Moodie (Roughing it in the Bush)

o Charles Dickens, 1842 (American Notes, 144-145)

o James MacPherson Le Moine, The Chronicles of the St. Lawrence (Henbest, UCV)

o James Fenimore Cooper, The Pathfinder

· Early Artwork (Ten Cate) (Lockwood) (Sergeant) (Cate)

o Frances Ann Hopkins (Hopkins)

o Lady Simcoe – sketches and watercolours (Diary) (Ontario Archives)

o William Henry Bartlett (Ross) (Sergeant)

o Painters in a New Land (Bell)

· James Peachey

Upper St. Lawrence Settlement Heritage

1. South Lancaster/Lake St. Francis

· (Dumbrille)

2. Cornwall

• (Senior)

3. Lost Villages and Upper Canada Village, Morrisburg

· (Thompson, Soul of the River) (Marin) (Rutley) (Shields)

· Aultsville (Rutley)

o “Doc” Ed Brown (Rutley)

· Farran’s Point (Rutley)

o Lock 22 (Rutley)

· Woodlands and Santa Cruz (Rutley)

· Dickinson’s Landing (Rutley)

o La Salle’s Trading Post, 1669 (Rutley)

o Barnabus Dickinson, mail service (Rutley)

· Wales (Rutley) (Stuart)

· Moulinette (Brownell) (Rutley)

o John Snetsinger’s store, serving cordwood (Rutley)

· Mille Roches (McNairn)

o (Rutley)

· Maple Grove (Rutley)

· Sheek, Barnhart and Croil Islands (Raymond) (Rutley)

o Indian Presence, Sheek (Rutley)

o Rowing through the ice, Croil (Rutley)

o Social Events on Croil, American Island, with Canadian bootlegged beer (Rutley)

· Willard’s Hotel, Upper Canada Village (photo)

· Watching the Corvettes go by (Rutley)

4. Cardinal

• (Grey and Burchell) (Cardinal)

• Canada Strarch Co./Casco (Benson)

5. Johnstown

• (Shouldice)

• St. Lawrence Resort Camp (Shouldice)

6. Prescott

• The Windmill (image from Bell)
• Ferry service to Ogdensburg started in the 1770s (Connell)
• Rivalry with Brockville to dominate St. Lawrence River trade during the 19^th century (Lockwood) (Disotell)
• Forwarding (Morris, 1967) (MacKey)
• The Bytown Prescott Railroad (Jago) (photo1) (photo2)

o Train ferry from Prescott – important in the silk trade (Morris, 1967) (Jago)

• Prescott Junction (Jago)
• National Harbours Board Elevator; importance of grain shipments (Jago) (Woodhead)
• Distilleries in Prescott (Connell)

7. Maitland

o (Gray) (Otto)

• Established on the site of Pointe au Baril (S.H. V.III)
• George Longley, the Stone House Man (Gray) (photo1) (photo2)
• Duncan Clark, 1812 (Canada’s Paul Revere) (Gray) (McFarlane) (Graves)

8. Elizabethtown/Brockville

• Fulford, Patent Medicine Industry (Fulford Place) (Lockwood) (Ten Cate) (photo)
• The Buell Family (MacPherson) (Buell)
• The Jones Family (Leavitt)
• Blockhouse Island (Brockville) (Blockhouse File) (Grant) Brockville fared much better than other towns during the cholera epidemic because of Blockhouse Island (Lockwood)
• Old Man’s Island (Brockville)
• Railway Tunnel and Wharf (Brockville) (Disotell) (photo)
• Butternut Bay, township of Elizabethtown (Anderson)
• Cheese-making (Progressive) (Shouldice, the Front)
• Adiel Sherwood Saw – memoir of going up the St. Lawrence in 1784 at the age of 5 to settle in Brockville. (Lockwood)
• Rivalry with Prescott to dominate St. Lawrence River trade during the 19^th century (Lockwood)
• Brockville Rowing Club (Lockwood) (Swayne) (Ten Cate)

9. Rockport (Reynolds)

• Cornwall’s store and dock
• Fuelling and Forwarding
• Customs and Immigration
• Rockport Navigation Co. and the Victoria

10. Gananoque

• (Akenson) (DeZwaan) (Hawke) (doc)

• Colonel Joel Stone (Compeau)
• The McDonald Family
• Blockhouse, 1813 – 1859 (Eames) (Hawke)
• Elizabeth Barnett (also discussed in Rebellion section) (Scott) (McFarlane)
• Gananoque – Clayton Ferry
• The Summerless Summer (Scott)

11. Thousand Islands

o (Smith, First Summer People) (Thompson) (Comeau)

· Surrender Number 77, 1856 – approx. 881 Islands surrendered by Mississauga to be held and sold by Crown in trust (Osborne)

o Carleton Island surrender and Molly Brant

· Grenadier Island (see Christina Bates: Heritage Highlights (vignette) (Cate)

· Purchasing the Islands – Settlers unable to afford prime agricultural land

o Purchasing and Ownership Issues (Smith, First Summer People)

· Thousand Islands International Bridge (Brockville) (Ross, 2001) (photo)

o Hill Island Skydeck (Customs, photo) (Navy Islands, photo) (Raft Narrows, photo)

· Thousand Islands Parkway (Brockville) (Landon Bay, photo)

12. Cataraqui/Kingston

· (Preston)

13. Wolfe, Garden and Howe Island

• (Mika)

· Howe Island – Kaounesgo

· Wolfe Island – Ganounkousenot and Grande Isle (Cosgrove)

o Minnie the Horse (Cosgrove)

· Garden Island, the Calvin Company (Boyd) (Calvin) – Isle aux cochons

Upper St. Lawrence Recreational Heritage

1. 1000 Islands for Sale

• (Smith, History of Rec. in 1000 Islands) (Ross, 2001)

2. Hotels and Resorts (Matthes)

· History in the Thousand Islands (Cate) (Malo, 2004) (Smith, Inventory)

· Ivy Lea Inn (Smith, History of Rec. in 1000 Islands)

· Glen House (Smith, History of Rec. in 1000 Islands)

· Grenadier Island (Bates)

· Float Island

· Nokomis Lodge, Howe Island (Malo, 2003)

· Camp-Belle Cottages and Stillson Cottages (Rutley)

3. Castles and Cottages

· (Ross, 2001) (Smith, Inventory) (Smith, History of Rec. in 1000 Islands)

• Thousand Islands Grocery Boat (Emerton)
• Boldt Castle (Lucas)
• Galop (photo)
• Napoleon’s Hat, Hay Island, 1913 (link) (photo)
• Opawaka Lodge, Seven Gables, Pine Island, 1900 (link) (Seven Gables, photo)

4. Summer Recreation

5.1 Angling

· (Smith, History of Rec. in 1000 Islands) (Keats)

· Fisherman’ Paradise (Hawke)

· Spearing by Jack-Light (Henbest, UCV)

5.2 Swimming and Bathing

· In the River and Canals (Henbest, UCV) (Morgan) (Cardinal)

· Diving for Pennies (TenCate)

5.3 Hunting

· Duck Hunting (Stewart and Lunman)

5.4 Boating

· St. Lawrence Skiff (Keats) (Gardner) (Smith, History of Rec. in 1000 Islands) (Brockville 1) (Brockville 2)

· Pleasure Yachts and Boating (Mercier) (Ross, 2001) (Otto)

o Megadoma (Malo, 2004)

· Travellers and Tourists (Henbest, UCV)

· Boat Touring the Islands and Beyond (Corbin) (Smith, History of Rec. in 1000 Islands)

o Ontario and St. Lawrence Steamboat Company (S.H. V.II)

o Gananoque Boat Tours (photo)

5.5 Boat Racing

• (Smith, History of Rec. in 1000 Islands)
• Yachting
• Canoeing/Skiff Racing (Keats) (Gardner)
• Motor-Boat Racing
• Gold Cup series
• “Water-Sport” Days
• Clubs
• Bohemian Amateur Athletic Association (Bohemian) (Swayne)
• Brockville Rowing Club (Rowing) (Lockwood) (Swayne) (Ten Cate)

5.6 Camps

5.7 Picnics

· (Henbest, UCV)

· Lock 22, Farran’s Point (Rutley)

6. Winter Recreation

6.1 Skating

· Casual and Racing (Henbest, UCV)

o Meagher Brothers of Kingston

· “Fancy” Skating (Henbest, UCV)

· On the Canals (Rutley)

6.2 Ice Fishing

· (Henbest, UCV)

6.3 Horse Trotting

· At Dickinson’s Landing (Henbest, UCV)

6.4 Ice Sailing

· Garden Island (Henbest, UCV)

6.5 Curling

· (Henbest, UCV)

6.6 Hockey

· Kingston, 1855 (Henbest, UCV)

7. St. Lawrence Islands National Park

· (MacDonald) (Marshall)

• Archaeology of 19^th/20^th century use (Ross, B.)
• Recreational aspects of the Park (Ross, 1983)

Upper St. Lawrence Cultural Resources (see Photographs)

1. Designated Historic Sites

1.1 Kingston

· Fort Frontenac

· Fort Henry (Gowans)

· Martello Towers (Gowans)

· Fort Frederick (photo)

· Cathcart Tower

· Murney Tower (photo1) (photo2)

· Shoal (photo)

1.2 Brockville

· Fulford Place (photo)

1.3 Maitland

· Homewood Museum – Jones’ Family Palladian, c. 1800 (photo)

1.4 Prescott

· Fort Wellington (photo1) (photo2) (photo3) (photo4)

· Battle of the Windmill (photo)

1.5 Morrisburg

· Crysler’s Farm (photo)

2. Museums

Ontario Museums Association (Website)

2.1 Kingston

· Marine Museum of the Great Lakes at Kingston (Website)

2.1 Gananoque

· Arthur Child Heritage Museum of the Thousand Islands (Website)

2.2 Brockville

· Brockville Museum (Website) (photo)

2.3 Prescott

· Forwarder’s Museum (Webiste)

2.4 Morrisburg

· Upper Canada Village (Website)

· Battle of Crysler’s Farm Interpretive Centre

2.5 Long Sault

· Lost Villages (Website)

2.6 Cornwall

3. Historic Plaques

• Contact Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada (HSMB)
• Ontario Historical Plaques
• Heritage Trust (Website)
• Private Source (OntarioPlaques)

4. Sites of Historic Merit

4.1 Gananoque

· Stone’s Mill (photo1) (photo2)

· Powerhouse (photo)

· Churches – see Riparian Architecture

4.2 Rockport

· Catholic Church (photo)

4.3 Brockville

· Heritage Homes and Churches (see Riparian Architecture)

4.4 Maitland and Area

· George Longley Grist Mill and Tower (photo1) (photo2)

4.5 Prescott

· Wiser’s Distillery

· CPR Wharf (photo1) (photo2)

· Ships Anchor Inn, Prescott (photo)

· Stockade Barracks and Hospital (photo)

Upper St. Lawrence Natural Heritage

*Note – The Natural Heritage Section of the framework essentially follows the guidelines set out be the Canadian Heritage River System. More information about these guidelines and how to implement them can be found in the Natural Values document produced by the CHRS. Due to the numerous human induced impacts on the St. Lawrence, such as the flooding of the Seaway, the St. Lawrence cannot be nominated based on its natural heritage values according to the CHRS guidelines. Nevertheless, the unique natural heritage of the St. Lawrence must be documented and those areas that are of significant value should be noted. It is for this reason that a less broad framework (addressing only what is required by the CHRS) was adopted for the natural heritage section when compared to the cultural heritage section. Future contributors to this project can feel free to expand upon this framework, but should not cut anything from it. Links to further research on this section can be obtained by clicking on the hyperlinks in the framework below. Even more hyperlinks can be found in the Natural Heritage section of the Write-up.

· (SLINP Archives) (1975)

1. Hydrology

1.1 Drainage Basins

· Drainage Basin (Natural Resources Canada, 2005)

· Stream Number

1.2 Seasonal Variation

· High Flows

· Low Flows

o IJC proposal to change water levels (Lee)

1.3 Water Content

· Physical Properties (ie: suspended solids)

· Chemical Properties (ex: acidity, dissolved solids)

o Effects of damming and shipping (Beck and Littlejohn) (Ross, 2001)

1.4 River Size

· Average Flow Volume

· Total River Length

2. Physiography

2.1 Physiographic Regions

· Regions adopted from Bostock’s Physiographic

Subdivisions of Canada (1964) (Chapman)

2.2 Geological Processes

· Bedrock Formation

o Thousands Islands region and the Frontenac Arch Biosphere (Ross, 2001) (Environment Canada)

o Limestone formations (Ross, 2001)

2) Surficial Material Formation

2.3 Hydrogeology

· Bedrock

· Unconsolidated Materials

2.4 Topography

· Gradient

· Relief

3. River Morphology

3.1 Valley Types

· Valley Walls

· Valley Floors

· Interfluves

3.2 Channel Patterns

· Stream Configurations

o 1000 Islands Region (Ross, 2001)

· Lake Systems

3.3 Channel Profile

· Level Water

· White Water

o Historic significance of rapids and the changes brought about by the power dam (Beck and Littlejohn)

3.4 Fluvial Landforms

· Dispositional

· Erosional

4 Biotic Environments

4.1 Aquatic Ecosystems

· Riverine Systems

· Lake Systems

· Estuarine Systems

· Wetland Systems

o Swamps, marshes, bogs, fens (ie: > 40cm of peat) (Howe Island, photo) (Parkway, photo)

4.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems

· ‘Ecozones’ adopted from Environment Canada in 1986 (Wiken,1986)

o Riparian Zones (transition zones between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems)

o Littoral Zones (Littoral Zone Survey Project, SLINP)

5. Vegetation

5.1 Significant Plant Communities

· Species Type

o Aquatic/Riparian

o Vascular Plants

o Trees and Shrubs

· Exceptionality

o Extent

o Location

o Dynamic

o Diversity

5.2 Rare Plant Species

· Species Type (Environment Canada)

· Degree of rarity

6. Fauna

6.1 Significant Animal Populations

· Taxonomy

· Exceptionality

o Inventory – SLINP (Hirvonen) (Parks Canada, 1997) (Bradstreet)

o Biodiversity checklist for the 1000 Islands Ecosystem found at:

http://oliver_kilian.tripod.com/1000islands/species/tie_species_lists.htm

6.2 Rare Animal Species

· Taxonomy

· Exceptionality

o Species at risk along the St. Lawrence and rare animals (Environment Canada)

7. Conservation along the St. Lawrence River

7.1 Health of the River

· Earthy/musty tastes and odours in the St. Lawrence near Cornwall (Ridal et al.)

· Cornwall Area of Concern (AOC) (River Institute)

• Remedial Action Plan (RAP) (Environment Canada, 2007)
• Sediment Analysis Study (Richman, 1999)

· Massena, NY Area of Concern (EPA, 2008)

· Invasive Species

7.2 Conservation on the River

· Parks on or near the St. Lawrence River (include parks that have a role in protecting the health of the SLR watershed) (Foy & Cross)

· Nature Reserves

· Organizations with a conservation mandate

7.3 Areas of Natural and Scientific Interest

· Inventory: Areas of Natural and Scientific Interest (ANSI’s)

• 1000 Islands Region (Environment Canada) (Sensitivity Atlas)