Wright, James. Archaeological Survey of Canada: Canada’s Visual History <http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/archeo/cvh/ontario/eon.htm - index> (accessed 22 May 2008).

Pre-Contact or Pre-History (dwellings)

- Paleo-Indian Period (9000 B.C. – 5000 B.C.)

o sites just under the continental glacier along the Upper St. Lawrence – distinctive dart heads

o most likely hunters of caribou and possible mega-fauna (mastodon and mammoth)

- Archaic Period (5000 B.C. – 1000 B.C.)

o possible mixture – transition zone between the Laurentian Archaic and Shield Archaic

o Shield Archaic - links to Plano peoples of the Paleo-Period and ancestors of the Algonkian-speaking peoples (Ojibwa, Cree, Algonkin, Montagnais)

o Laurentian Archaic - wide-ranging trade network, site at Brockville etc.

- Woodland Period (1000 B.C. – Historic Period)

o begins with first appearance of pottery vessels in Ontario sites – marks the transition and adoption of pottery by the Laurentian and Shield Archaic peoples

o sub-divided into an Initial Woodland period and a Terminal Woodland period

o Initial Woodland (1000 B.C.E. – 1000 C.E.) – includes Archaic peoples who first adopted pottery between 1000 and 700 B.C.E. (very fluid dating/interpretations)

§ specific to the St. Lawrence region were the Point Peninsula culture (700 B.C.E. – 700 A.D.)

o Terminal Wooldand (A.D. 1000 – Historic)

§ Emergence of the Eastern Iroquois – Huron, Petun etc. – use of corn etc.

Early Contact (dwellings)

- St. Lawrence Iroquoians

o the natives of the Lower St. Lawrence that Cartier encountered at the villages of Hochelaga and Stadacona in 1535 had disappeared upon the arrival of Chaplain in 1603

o there a number of existing theories about who they were and where they went, but the group is now commonly known as the St. Lawrence Iroquois

o of interest however, is that Huron sites of this period along the rivers that drain into Lake Ontario contain pottery vessels that were made typically by the women suggesting that the Iroquois women had been taken captive by Huron warriors and assimilated into the Huron community

o furthermore, St. Lawrence Iroquoians sites near the St. Lawrence in Eastern Ontario and New York suggesting that the vanished Iroquois had developed in the Upper St. Lawrence River valley (dwellings)